If we know the equation for a response surface, then it is relatively easy to find the optimum response. Unfortunately, we rarely know any useful details about the response surface. Instead, we […]
The basic components of a flow injection analyzer are shown below and include a pump for propelling the carrier stream and reagent streams, a means for injecting the sample into the carrier […]
In ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) the stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin, usually divinylbenzene cross-linked polystyrene, with covalently attached ionic functional groups. As shown here for a styrene–divinylbenzene co-polymer modified for use […]
A typical HPLC includes between 1–4 reservoirs for mobile phase solvents. The mobile phase solvents are pulled from their reservoirs by the action of one or more pumps. Shown here is a close-up […]
The most common type of HPLC column is a stainless steel tube with an internal diameter between 2.1 mm and 4.6 mm and a length between 30 mm and 300 mm. The […]
The photo below shows an example of a typical HPLC instrument with insets showing close-up views of the pumps that move the mobile phase through the system, and the plumbing used to inject […]
Shown here is an example of a syringe for injecting samples into a gas chromatograph. This syringe has a maximum capacity of 10 μL with graduations every 0.1 μL.
Shown here is an example of a packed column for gas chromatography. This column is made from stainless steel and is 2 m long with an internal diameter of 3.2 mm. The […]
Photograph showing an example of a typical gas chromatograph with insets showing the heated injection ports—note the symbol indicating that it is hot—and the oven containing the column. This particular instrument is […]
Coulometry is based on an exhaustive electrolysis of the analyte. By exhaustive we mean that the analyte is completely oxidized or reduced at the working electrode or that it reacts completely with […]
The photo below shows a typical multielemental hollow cathode lamp. The cathode in this lamp is fashioned from an alloy containing Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni, and is surrounded by […]
The photos below shows a typical assembly for flame atomization with close-up views of several key components. In the unit shown here, the sample is drawn into the assembly by passing a […]
