Complexation, Redox, and Precipitation Titration Curves

Examples of titration curves: (a) complexation titration of 25.0 mL of 1.0 mM Cd²⁺ with 1.0 mM EDTA at a pH of 10 in which the y-axis displays the titrand’s equilibrium concentration as pCd; (b) redox titration of 25.0 mL of 0.050 M Fe²⁺ with 0.050 M Ce⁴⁺ in 1 M HClO₄, in which the y-axis displays the titration mixture’s electrochemical potential, E, which, through the Nernst equation is a logarithmic function of concentrations; (c) precipitation titration of 25.0 mL of 0.10 M NaCl with 0.10 M AgNO₃ in which the y-axis displays the titrant’s equilibrium concentration as pAg.