Solid-State Extractions

Illustration showing four possible mechanisms for the solid-state extraction of an analyte: (a) adsorption onto a solid substrate; (b) absorption into a thin polymer film or chemical film coated on a solid substrate; (c) metal–ligand complexation in which the ligand is covalently bound to the solid substrate using an organic tether; and (d) antibody–antigen binding in which the receptor is covalently bound to the solid substrate using an organic tether.